Journal of the American College of Cardiology

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Journal of the American College of Cardiology
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Journal of the American College of Cardiology
JACC: Basic to Translational Science
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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ,Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, and Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain,EXECUTIVE EDITOR ,Jagat Narula, MD, PhD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA,DEPUTY EDITOR ,Jonathan Halperin, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA,GUEST EDITORS ,Christie ML. Ballantyne, MD ,,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, ,Javed Butler, MD, MPH, MBA ,,University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA, ,Athena Poppas, MD ,,Lifespan Cardiovascular Institute, Providence, RI, USA,DIVISIONAL SENIOR DIRECTOR, PUBLISHING ,Justine Varieur Turco, MA ,,American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, USA,EXECUTIVE MANAGING EDITOR ,Eileen Cavanagh, MPS ,,American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, USA,MANAGING EDITOR ,Collin Grabarek, MFA ,,American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, USA,EDITORIAL COORDINATOR ,Blair Jackson, BA ,,American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, USA,SOCIAL MEDIA COORDINATOR ,Sara Khalaf, BS ,,American College of Cardiology, Washington, DC, USA,EDITORS-IN-CHIEF , ,,, ,David J. Moliterno, MD ,,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, ,Y. Chandrashekhar, MD, DM ,,University of Minnesota/VAMC, Minneapolis, MN, USA, ,Christopher M. O'Connor, MD ,,Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA, ,Kalyanam Shivkumar, MD, PhD ,,UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, UCLA Health System, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ,Douglas L. Mann, MD ,,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA, ,Bonnie Ky, MD, MSCE ,,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, ,Julia Grapsa, MD, PhD ,,Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK,ASSOCIATE EDITORS ,David H. Adams, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health Systems, New York, NY, USA, ,Anne B. Curtis, MD ,,University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA, ,Harold L. Dauerman, MD ,,University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, USA, ,Julie De Backer, MD, PhD ,,Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium, ,Srinivas Dukkipati, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,Bruce Gelb, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,Paul A. Heidenreich, MD, MS ,,Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA, ,Jean-Sébastien Hulot, MD, PhD ,,Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France, ,Borja Ibáñez, MD, PhD ,,Spanish National Centre for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain, ,James L. Januzzi, Jr., MD ,,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,Christopher Kramer, MD ,,University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA, ,Jeffrey T. Kuvin, MD ,,Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA, ,Patrizio Lancellotti, MD, PhD ,,University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium, ,Michael J. Mack, MD ,,Baylor Scott and White Health, Piano, TX, USA, ,Thomas H. Marwick, MBBS, PhD, MPH ,,Baker Institute, Hobart, Australia, ,Gilles Montalescot, MD, PhD ,,Pitié-Salpêtriére Hospital, Paris, France, ,Pamela B. Morris, MD ,,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA, ,E. Magnus Ohman, MD ,,Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA, ,Jeffrey W. Olin, DO ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,Josep Rodés-Cabau, MD ,,Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec City, Canada, ,Lynne W. Stevenson, MD ,,Vanderbilt Health, Nashville, TN, USA,STATISTICAL EDITORS ,Paul L. Clopton, MS ,,Department of Veterans Affairs, San Diego, CA, USA, ,Michael Szarek, PhD, MS ,,SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA, ,Jan G.P. Tijssen, PhD ,,Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,SPECIALTY ASSOCIATE EDITOR ,Joshua Z. Willey, MD, MS ,,Stroke & Cerebrovascular Disease Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,SECTION EDITORS , ,,,Basic Translational Research ,L. Badimon, MD ,,Spain Cardiovascular Research Center in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, ,J.F. Bentzon, MD, PhD ,,Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, ,G.P. Diller, MD ,,University of Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany, ,G. Heusch, MD ,, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany, ,J.C. Kovacic, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,P. Libby, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,C.A. MacRae, MBChB, PhD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, MA, USA, ,S.O. Marx, MD ,,Columbia University Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA, ,C. Newton-Chen, MD, MPH ,,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Cardio-Oncology ,A. Barac, MD ,,MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA, ,P. Collier, MD ,,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,E.T.H. Yeh, MD ,,University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA, ,A.F. Yu, MD ,,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Clinical Cardiology ,W.E. Boden, MD ,,Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA, ,R.P. Choudhury, DM ,,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford, UK, ,R. De Caterina, MD ,,"G. d' Annunzio" University , Chieti, Italy, ,P. Golino, MD ,,Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy, ,P.T. O'Gara, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,P.J. Podrid, MD ,,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA, ,M.L. Simoons, MD ,,Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, ,C.I. Stefanadis, MD ,,Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece, ,P. Vaishnava, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,W. Wijns, MD ,,OLV-Clinic, Aalst, Belgium,Clinical Trials and Registries ,J.H.P. Alexander, MD ,,MHS, Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA, ,P. Boffetta, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,R.M. Califf, MD ,,Duke Forge, Durham, NC, USA, ,T. Collier, BSc, MSc ,,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, ,M.J. Domanski, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York NY, USA, ,A.C. Gelijns, JD, PhD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,J.S. Hochman, MD ,,NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA, USA, ,M.N. Kosiborod, MD ,,Saint Luke's Health System, Kansas City, KS, USA, ,R. Mehran, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,M. Miller, MD ,,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, ,S.J. Pocock, PhD ,,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, ,G.G. Schwartz, MD ,,University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, USA, ,L.J. Shaw, MD ,,Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Congenital Heart Disease ,T. Geva, MD ,,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,D.T. Hsu, MD ,,Montefiore, Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA, ,J.N. Kreutzer, MD ,,Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, ,M.J. Landzberg, MD ,,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,C.E. Ruiz, MD, PhD ,,Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA,Coronary, Peripheral, and Structural Interventions ,D. Antoniucci, MD ,,Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy, ,R. J. Applegate, MD ,,Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, ,E.R. Bates, MD ,,Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, ,M.E. Bertrand, MD ,,Hôpital Cardiologique, Lille, Lambersart, France, ,J.A. Bittl, MD ,,Munroe Regional Medical Center, Ocala, FL, USA, ,G. D. Dangas, MD, PhD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY USA, ,S.G. Ellis, MD ,,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,J. Ge, MD ,,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China, ,T.D. Henry, MD ,,The Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA, ,D.R. Holmes, Jr., MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, ,S.B. King, III, MD ,,Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, ,M. Leon, MD ,,Columbia University Medical Center / New York-Prebyterian, New York, NY, USA, ,A. Lerman, MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, ,P. Moreno, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,E.C. Perin, MD, PhD ,,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA, ,M. Price, MD ,,Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA, USA, ,S. Sharma, MBBS ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,E.M. Tuzcu, MD ,,Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE, ,J.G. Webb, MD ,,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,Genetics, Omics, and Tissue Regeneration ,E. Arbustini, MD ,,Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy, ,P.M. Elliott, MD ,,Univeristy College London, London, UK, ,G.S. Ginsburg, MD, PhD ,,Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA, ,B.J. Maron, MD ,,Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA, ,E. Olson, MD, PhD ,,University of Texas Southwestern, Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, ,S.G. Priori, MD, PhD ,,ICS Maugeri, Milian, Italy, ,R. Roberts, MD ,,University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA, ,P.J. Schwartz, MD ,,IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy, ,A.M. Zeiher, MD ,,J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany,Guidelines and Clinical Perspectives ,K. Eagle, MD ,,Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, ,S.C. Smith, Jr., MD ,,UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel, NC, USA,Health Promotion & Global Health ,R. Kalil-Filho, MD ,,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil, ,M. Kitakaze, MD, PhD ,,National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan, ,P. Manga, MBChB, PhD ,,Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Johannesburg, South Africa, ,S.J. Park, MD, PhD ,,Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, ,D.J. Piñeiro, MD ,,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, ,K. Srinith Reddy, MD, DM ,,Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi, India, ,S. Yusuf, MD, DPhil ,,McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, ,W.A. Zoghbi, MD ,,Houston, Methodist, Houston, TX, USA,Heart Failure ,A. Anyanwu, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,B. Bozkurt, MD ,,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, ,J.G.F. Cleland, MD ,,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, ,G.W. Dec, MD ,,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,G.C. Fonarow, MD ,,UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ,R.S. Freudenberger, MD, MBA ,,Lehigh Valley Heart Institute, Allentown, PA, USA, ,M.M. Givertz, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,S.S. Kushwaha, MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, ,D. Mancini, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,S. Pinney, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,T.J. Wang, MD ,,Vanderbilt Health, Atlanta, GA, USA, ,C. Yancy, MD, MSc ,,Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,Hypertension ,D.K. Arnett, PhD ,,University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, ,M. Lobo, MBChB, PhD ,,London Bridge Hospital, London, UK, ,F.H. Messerli, MD ,,University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland, ,R.A. Phillips, MD, PhD ,,Houston Methodists, Houston, TX, USA, ,C. Rosendorff, MD, PhD, DScMed ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,S.C. Textor, MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Imaging ,G. Aurigemma, MD ,,UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, USA, ,V. Dilsizian, MD ,,University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA, ,S. Lerakis, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health Systems, New York, NY, USA, ,J.A.C. Lima, MD ,,John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, ,G.S. Mintz, MD ,,Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA, ,M. Nahrendorf, MD ,,Massaachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,S.J. Nicholls, MBBS, PhD ,,Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia, ,P. Pibarot, DVM, PhD ,, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Québec City, Canada, ,J. Sanz Salvo, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,P.P. Sengupta, MD ,,West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA, ,J.D. Thomas, MD ,,Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,Metabolic Disorders ,M.E. Farkouh, MD ,,University Health Network, Toronto, Canada, ,D.J. Rader, MD ,,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, ,R.S. Rosenson, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA,Neurovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases ,P. Amarenco, MD ,,Denis Diderot University, Paris, France, ,S. Gandy, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,G.J. Hankey, MBBS ,,University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia,Outcomes Research and Quality ,D.J. Cohen, MD, MSc ,,University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA, ,J.P. Curtis, MD ,,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, ,B.J. Darrow, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,D.J. Malenka, MD ,,Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA, ,M.R. Reynolds, MD ,,Lahey Health, Burlington, MA, USA,Pharmacology ,J.J. Badimon, PhD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,C.B. Granger, MD ,,Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA, ,C. Patrono, MD ,,Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy, ,F.W.A. Verheugt, MD ,,Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Pulmonary Hypertension ,S.Z. Goldhaber, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,M.I. Gomberg-Maitland, MD, MSc ,,University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, ,M. Hoeper, MD ,,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, ,S.V. Konstantinides, MD ,,Johannes Gutenberg University, Alexandroupolis, Greece, ,V.V. McLaughlin, MD ,,Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, ,M.J. Semigran, MD ,,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Rhythm Disorders ,S. Chugh, MD ,,UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ,M.R. Gold, MD ,,Medical University of South Carolina Health, Charleston, SC, USA, ,H. Kottkamp, MD ,,Hislanden Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland, ,F.E. Marchlinski, MD ,,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, ,S.N. Narayan, MB, ChB, MSc ,,Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA, USA, ,S. Nattel, MD ,,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada, ,J.E. Poole, MD ,,University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA, ,P. Sanders, MBBS, PhD ,,Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia, ,W.G. Stevenson, MD ,,Vanderbilt Health, Nashville, TN, USA,Surgery ,S.F. Aranki, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,R.J. Damiano, Jr., MD ,,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA, ,J.D. Puskas, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,H.V. Schaff, MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, ,L.G. Svensson, MD, PhD ,,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,J. Woo, MD ,,Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA, USA, ,M.H. Yacoub, MBChB ,,Imperial College London, London, UK,Valvular Heart Disease ,F. Bakaeen, MD ,,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,S.F. Bolling, MD ,,Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, ,R.O. Bonow, MD ,,Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, ,J.S. Borer, MD ,,SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA, ,B.A. Carabello, MD ,,East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA, ,J. Chikwe, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,M. Enriquez-Sarano, MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, ,H.C. Herrmann, MD ,,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, ,B.R. Lindman, MD ,,Vanderbilt Health, Atlanta, GA, USA,Vascular Medicine ,H.D. Aronow, MD, MPH ,,Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, RI, USA, ,I. Baumgartner, MD ,,University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland, ,J.P. Cooke, MD ,,Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, ,E. Falk, MD ,,Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, ,W.R. Hiatt, MD ,,University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA, ,G.L. Moneta, MD ,,Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA, ,M.H. Shishehbor, DO, MPH, PhD ,,University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,J.I. Weitz, MD ,,McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, ,T. Zeller, MD,PhD ,,Universitaets-Herzzentrum Freiberg-Bad Krozingen, Bad Krozingen, Germanu,Social Media ,A.M. Freeman, MD ,,National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA, ,A. Narang, MD ,,Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA,FIT/EC Section ,J.J. Han, MD ,,Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, ,Muthiah Vaduganathan, MD, MPH ,,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, ,C.M. Yong, MD,MBA, MSc ,,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,CONSULTANTS ,J.I. Abe, MD, PhD ,,MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, ,A.S. Adabag, MD, MS ,,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA, ,E.D. Adler, MD ,,UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA, ,G. Agnelli, MD ,,University Hospital, Perugia, Italy, ,C. Alexander, MD ,,Alexander Associates, MD, West Point, PA, USA, ,D. Alexopoulos, MD ,,Patras University Hospital, Patras, Greece, ,M. Al-Mallah, MD ,,King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, ,M.A. Alpert, MD ,,University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA, ,H.V. Anderson, MD ,,University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA, ,J.L. Anderson, MD ,,Intermountain Healthcare Murray, UT, USA, ,K.P. Anderson, MD ,,Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI, USA, ,D.J. Angiolillo, MD, PhD ,,University of Florida Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA, ,C. Antzelevitch, PhD ,,Main Line Health, Utica, NY, USA, ,A.E. Arai, MD ,,National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, ,P. Arora, MBBS ,,University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, ,R.R. Arora, MD ,,North Chicago, VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA, ,A. Avezum, MD, PhD ,,Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, Brazil, ,A. Avogaro, MD, PhD ,,University of Padova, Padova, Italy, ,D.S. Bach, MD ,,Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, ,C.L Backer, MD ,,Lurie Children's , Chicago, IL, USA, ,F. Bader, MD ,,Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE, ,V.K. Bahl, MD ,,All India Instityte of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, ,S. Bangalore, MD ,,NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA, ,P.J. Barton, PhD ,,Imperial College London, London, UK, ,J. Bartunek, MD ,,OLV-Clinic, Aalst, Belgium, ,A. Bayés-Genís, MD, PhD ,,Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, ,R.C. Becker, MD ,,University of Cincinnati Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA, ,B. Belhassen, MD ,,Tel-Aiv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel, ,G.A. Beller, MD ,,University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA, ,L.M. Biasucci, MD ,,Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy, ,V.A. Bittner, MD, MSPH ,,University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, ,E.H. Blackstone, MD ,,Cleveland Cleveland, OH, USA, ,B.C. Blaxall, MD ,,Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA, ,D.A. Bluemke, MD, PhD ,,John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, ,S.S. Brar, MD, MPH ,,UCLA Northwest at David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ,M. Brignole, MD ,,Ospedali del Tigullio, Genoa, Italy, ,C. Briguori, MD, PhD ,,Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy, ,B.C. Brott, MD ,,University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, ,A.V.G. Bruschke, MD ,,Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands, ,M.J. Budoff, MD ,,Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA, ,H.G. Calkins, MD ,,John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, ,U. Campia, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Washington, DC, USA, ,J.M. Castellano, MD ,,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) Madrid, Spain, ,D.S. Celermajer, MD ,,University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, ,A.C.P. Chagas, MD, PhD ,,São Paulo, Brazil, ,B.A. Chaitman, MD ,,Saint Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA, ,S.A. Chen, MD ,,Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ,R.K. Cheng, MD ,,University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA, ,J. Chesebro, MD ,,University Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, MA, USA, ,B.W. Chow, MD ,,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada, ,C.R. Conti, MD ,,University of Florida Health, Gainseville, FL, USA, ,J.B. Conti, MD ,,Univeristy of Florida Health, Gainseville, FL, USA, ,F.G. Cosio, MD ,,Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain, ,M.H. Crawford, MD ,,University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA, ,J.P. Daubert, MD ,,Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA, ,C. deFilippi, MD ,,Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA, ,S. Dellegrottaglie, MD, PhD ,,Ospedale Medico-Chirurgio Accreditato, Naples, Italy, ,A. Deswal, MD, MPH ,,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, ,M.F. Di Carli, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,S. Dixit, MBBS ,,Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA, ,S.C. Dudley,Jr. MD, PhD ,,Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA, ,E.R. Edelman, MD, PhD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,T.R. Engel, MD ,,Cooper University Medical Center, Camden, NJ, USA, ,R. Erbel, MD ,,West German Heart Centre, Essen, Germany, ,E. Escobar, MD ,,University of Chilie, Santiago, Chile, ,N.A.M. Estes III, MD ,,Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA, ,M.N. Faddis, MD, PhD ,,Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA, ,W.F. Fearon, MD ,,Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA, USA, ,R. Ferrari, MD, PhD ,,S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, ,J.L. Fleg, MD ,,National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA, ,J.S. Forrester, MD ,,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ,N.G. Frangogiannis, MD ,,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA, ,E. Gerstenfeld, MD, MS ,,University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, ,L.D. Gillam, MD ,,Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA, ,T.C. Gillebert, MD ,,Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, ,M. Goldman, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,J.A. Goldstein, MD ,,Beaumont Hospital-Royal Oak, Royal Oak, MI, USA, ,M.H. Gollob, MD ,,University Health Network, Ottawa, Canada, ,J. Gorcsan, III, MD ,,Washinton Univeristy School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA, ,K.L. Gould, MD ,,University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA, ,P. Gurbel, MD ,,Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA, ,C.W. Hamm, MD, PhD ,,Kerckoff Heart and Thorax Centre, Bad Nauheim, Germany, ,R.A. Harrington, MD ,,Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA, USA, ,E.P. Havranek, MD ,,Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA, ,H.S. Hecht, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,J.P.S. Henriques, MD, PhD ,,Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, ,B.D. Hoit, MD ,,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,H.H Hsia, MD ,,Stanford Health Care, Standord, CA, USA, ,H.V. Huikuri, MD ,,University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, ,W.G. Hundley, MD ,,Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA, ,A.E. Iskandrian, MD ,,University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA, ,A.S. Jaffe, MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, ,H. Jneid, MD ,,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA, ,J.M. Kalman, MBBS, PhD ,,Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia, ,S. Kapadia, MD ,,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,J.C. Kaski, MD ,,St. George's Univeristy of London, London, UK, ,A. Kastrati, MD ,,German Heart, Centre, Munich, Germany, ,E.S. Kaufman, MD ,,MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,S. Kaul, MBBS ,,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ,S. Kaul, MD ,,Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, ,D.M. Kaye, MBBS, PhD ,,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia, ,D.J. Kereiakes, MD ,,Christ Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA, ,M.J. Kern, MD ,,University of California-Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, ,M.H. Kim, MD ,,Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA, ,R.J. Kim, MD ,,Duke Health, Durham, NC, USA, ,N.S. Kleiman, MD ,,Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA, ,F.J. Klocke, MD ,,Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, ,B.P. Knight, MD ,,Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA, ,J.N. Kreutzer, MD ,,Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, ,A.J. Labovitz, MD ,,University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA, ,C.S.P. Lam, MD ,,Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, ,G.A. Lamas, MD ,,Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL., USA, ,R. Lampert, MD ,,Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, ,E. Lara-Pezzi, PhD ,,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain, ,C.J. Lavie, Jr., MD ,,Oschner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA, ,C. Leclercq, MD ,,CHU Rennes, REnnes Cedex, France, ,R. Lee, MD ,,University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA, ,N.E. Lepor, MD ,,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA, ,B.S. Lewis, MD ,,Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel, ,G.Y.H. Lip, MD ,,University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, ,S.E. Litwin, MD ,,Medical University of South Carolina Health, Charleston, SC, USA, ,F. Lombardi, MD ,,Ospedale San Paolo, Milian, Italty, ,R.V. Luepker, MD ,,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, ,W.T. Mahle, MD ,,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA, ,G.M. Marcus, MD ,,University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA, ,M.S. Maron, MD ,,Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA, ,P.A. McCullough, MD, MPH ,,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, ,J.L. Mehta, MD, PhD ,,UAMS Health, Little Rock, AR, USA, ,B. Meier, MD ,,University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland, ,D.A. Morrow, MD, MPH ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,C. Mueller, MD ,,University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland, ,J.B. Muhlestein, MD ,,Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA, ,S.F. Nagueh, MD ,,Houston Methodist, Hoston, TX, USA, ,C. Napoli, MD ,,Universitá degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy, ,T.Z. Naqvi, MD, MMM ,,Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA, ,A. Natale, MD ,,St. David's Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA, ,S. Nattel, MD, CM ,,Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada, ,K.L. Ohmori, MD ,,Kagawa University Hospital, Kagawa, Japan, ,B. Olshansky, MD ,,University of Iowa Hospitals, Iowa City, IA, USA, ,H. Oral, MD ,,Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, ,M.A. Oto, MD ,,Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey, ,N. Piazza, MD, PhD ,,McGill University, Montréal, Canada, ,E. Picano, MD ,,Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy, ,D.S. Pinto ,,Birigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,B. Pitt, MD ,,University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, ,M. Pitzalis, MD ,,Vidant Health, Greenville, NC, USA, ,A. Prasad, MD ,,UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, ,R. Pyeritz, MD ,,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, ,S. Rajagopalan, MD ,,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA, ,H. Rakowski, MD ,,Toronto General Hospital-Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, Canada, ,M.M. Refaat, MD, MBA ,,American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, ,N. Reichek, MD ,,Catholic Health Services of Long Island, Roslyn, NY, USA, ,Z. Reiner, MD, PhD ,,University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia, ,C.E. Rochitte, MD, MPH ,,University of Sáo Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, ,L.J. Rubin, MD ,,University of California-San Diego School of Medine, La Jolla, CA, USA, ,M. Sabaté, MD, PhD ,,Clinic University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain, ,M.S. Sabatine, MD, MPH ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,H. Samady, MBchB ,,Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA, ,G. Sardella, MD ,,"Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy, ,N. Sarrafzadegan, MD ,,Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, ,A. Schanzer, MD ,,UMass Memorial Health Care, Worchester, MA, USA, ,P. Schoenhagen, MD ,,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Heights, OH, USA, ,J. Schofer, MD ,,Albertinen Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany, ,S. Schröder, MD, PhD ,,Klinikum Göpingen, Göppingen, Germany, ,S. Sen-Chowdhry, MD ,,University College London, London, UK, ,P.W. Serruys, MD ,,National Heart and Lung Instiute at Imperial College, London, UK, ,P. Sorajja, MD ,,Minneapolis Heart Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA, ,G. Stankovic, MD ,,University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, ,P.H. Stone, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,B.H. Strauss, MD, PhD ,,Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada, ,H. Taegtmeyer, MD, DPhil ,,University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA, ,J. Teerlink, MD ,,University of California-San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA, ,M. Tendera, MD, PhD ,,Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, ,J.M. Tobis, MD ,,UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA, ,G. Tognoni, MD ,,IRCCS- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy, ,G.F. Tomaselli, MD ,,John Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, ,C.L. Tommaso, MD ,,NorthShore University HealthSystem, Skokie, IL, USA, ,J.A. Towbin, MD ,,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA, ,H-F. Tse, MD ,,University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China, ,Z.G. Turi, MD ,,Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, ,J.E. Udelson, MD ,,Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA, ,B. Uretsky, MD ,,University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA, ,A. Vahanian, MD ,,University of Paris VII, Paris, France, ,M. Valgimigli, MD ,,University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, ,H.O. Ventura, MD ,,Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA, ,Z. Vered, MD ,,Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel, ,S. Verma, MD, PhD ,,St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada, ,J. Viles-Gonzalez, MD ,,Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA, ,R. Virmani, MD ,,CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, ,S. Viskin, MD ,,Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel, ,P. Voci, MD ,,Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy, ,R.A. Vogel, MD ,,University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, USA, ,A.A Voors, MD, PhD ,,University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands, ,F.J. Th. Wackers, MD ,,Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, ,R. Waksman, MD ,,MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA, ,D.D. Waters, MD ,,San Franciso General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA, ,W.D. Weaver, MD ,,Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA, ,G.D. Webb, MD ,,Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA, ,K.T. Weber, MD ,,University of Tennesse Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA, ,L.A. Weinrauch, MD ,,MedStar Health, Watertown, MA, USA, ,W.S. Weintraub, MD ,,MedStar Health, Washington, DC, USA, ,C.J. White, MD ,,Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA, ,S. Windecker, MD ,,Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Bern, Switzerland, ,A. Wu, PhD ,,University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, ,D. Xavier, MD ,,St. John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, India, ,S. Yla-Herttuala, MD ,,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Kuopio, Finland, ,B.L. Zaret, MD ,,Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, ,Y. Zhang, MD, PhD ,,Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China, ,M.R. Zile, MD ,,Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Editorial Staff ,Simone T. Fields, BA ,,Editorial Assistant, ,Michelle McMullen, RN, BSN, MA ,,Editorial Assistant, ,Elizabeth Bradtke, BA ,,Web Manager, Digital Publishing, ,Alfred Kemp, BS ,,Editorial Assistant, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,Alanur Inal-Veith, MS ,,Editorial Assistant, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,Marie Dauenheimer, MA, CMI, FAMI ,,Medical Illustrator,ASSISTANT EDITORS ,Usman Baber, MD ,,New York, NY, USA, ,Radha Gopalan, MD ,,New York, NY, USA, ,Daniella Kadian-Dodov,MD ,,New York, NY, USA, ,Anuradha Lala-Trindade, MD ,,New York, NY, USA, ,MaryAnn McLaughlin, MD ,,New York, NY, USA, ,Marc Miller, MD ,,New York, NY, USA,SENIOR ADVISORY EDITORS ,Eugene Braunwald, MD ,,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, ,Anthony N. DeMaria, D ,,UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA, USA, ,Robert L. Frye, MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,EMERITUS EDITORS ,Simon Dack, MD ,,1983-1992, ,William W. Parmley, MD ,,1992-2002, ,Anthony N. DeMaria, MD ,,2002-2014, ETHICS COMMITTEE ,Richard L. Popp, MD, Chair ,,Stanford Health Care, Pao Alto, CA, USA, ,Holly Atkinson, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,Lawrence S. Cohen, MD ,,Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, ,Kim Fox, MD ,,Imperial College London, London, UK, ,Robert Frye, MD ,,Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA, ,Philip J. Landrigan, MD ,,Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA, ,Eric N. Prystowsky, MD ,,The Care Group, LLC, Indianapolis, IN, USA,CME/MOC/ECME EDITOR ,R.R. Baliga, MBBS ,,Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA