By D.J.P. Barker, BSc, MD, PhD, FRCP, FRCOG, FFPHM, Director and Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Medical Research Council Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton; Honorary Consultant Physician, Royal South Hants Hospital, Southampton, UK; C. Cooper, MA, DM, FRCP, Professor of Rheumatology, Medical Research Council Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton; Consultant Rheumatologist, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; and the late G. Rose, MA, DM, DSc, FRCP, FRCGP, Late Professor of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine